Practical Lab Manual

FY Practical — Computer Science

The foundation year introduces programming fundamentals, mathematics, and digital electronics — designed to build strong computational thinking from the ground up.

// Lab Subjects (3)

CS-P101

C Programming Lab

2 credits

CS-P102

Digital Electronics Lab

2 credits

CS-P103

Computer Applications Lab

2 credits

// Sample Programs (Interactive Viewer)

AI Widget

Program 1: Write a program to implement linear search and binary search.

#include <stdio.h>

// Linear Search
int linearSearch(int arr[], int n, int key) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        if (arr[i] == key) return i;
    return -1;
}

// Binary Search (sorted array required)
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int key) {
    while (low <= high) {
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
        if (arr[mid] == key) return mid;
        else if (arr[mid] < key) low = mid + 1;
        else high = mid - 1;
    }
    return -1;
}

int main() {
    int arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91};
    int n = 10, key = 23;

    int li = linearSearch(arr, n, key);
    printf("Linear Search: %d found at index %d\n", key, li);

    int bi = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, key);
    printf("Binary Search: %d found at index %d\n", key, bi);
    return 0;
}

Compile & run this in your local IDE or online compiler (onlinegdb.com)

Program 2: Implement a stack using arrays with push, pop, and peek operations.

C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Stack {
    int data[100];
    int top;
public:
    Stack() : top(-1) {}

    void push(int val) {
        if (top >= 99) { cout << "Stack Overflow!\n"; return; }
        data[++top] = val;
        cout << val << " pushed.\n";
    }

    int pop() {
        if (top < 0) { cout << "Stack Underflow!\n"; return -1; }
        return data[top--];
    }

    int peek() {
        if (top < 0) return -1;
        return data[top];
    }

    bool isEmpty() { return top < 0; }
};

int main() {
    Stack s;
    s.push(10);
    s.push(20);
    s.push(30);
    cout << "Top: " << s.peek() << endl;  // 30
    cout << "Pop: " << s.pop() << endl;   // 30
    cout << "Top: " << s.peek() << endl;  // 20
    return 0;
}

Compile & run this in your local IDE or online compiler (onlinegdb.com)

Program 3: Write a Python program to demonstrate list comprehensions and file I/O.

Python

# List Comprehension Examples
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
evens   = [x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]
matrix  = [[i * j for j in range(1, 4)] for i in range(1, 4)]

print("Squares:", squares)
print("Evens:", evens)
print("Multiplication Table Matrix:")
for row in matrix:
    print(row)

# File I/O
with open("output.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("Student Grade Report\n")
    f.write("=" * 30 + "\n")
    students = [("Alice", 92), ("Bob", 85), ("Carol", 88)]
    for name, grade in students:
        line = f"{name:<15} Grade: {grade}\n"
        f.write(line)
        print(line, end="")

print("\nFile written successfully.")

with open("output.txt", "r") as f:
    print("\nFile contents:")
    print(f.read())

Compile & run this in your local IDE or online compiler (onlinegdb.com)

// Lab Submission Checklist

✓Write the aim, algorithm, and flowchart before coding

✓Use meaningful variable names and add inline comments

✓Test with multiple inputs including edge cases (0, negative, large)

✓Document the expected vs actual output in your journal

✓Include the time and space complexity analysis for each program

✓Paste the screenshot of successful output in your practical file